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<title>Cd (command)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main">cd (command)</span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">cd / chdir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> command illustration (in a shell session in <a href="Debian_GNU" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU">Debian GNU</a>/<a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a>, <a href="MetaComCo" title="MetaComCo">MetaComCo</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">DR</a>, <a href="Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="JP_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Software">JP Software</a>, <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> Contributors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a>, <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a>, <a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="TRIPOS" title="TRIPOS">TRIPOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE/iX</a>, <a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>, <a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a>, <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>, <a href="KolibriOS" title="KolibriOS">KolibriOS</a>, <a href="SymbOS" title="SymbOS">SymbOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code></b> is a <a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> <a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> that changes the <a href="Working_directory" title="Working directory">working directory</a>. It is available in many shells and other <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> that maintain a working directory. In some contexts, the command can perform actions other than change directory. Some environments provide the change directory feature via a different command name such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">chdir</code>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<p>Generally, a computer system that provides access to a <a href="Hierarchical_file_system" title="Hierarchical file system">hierarchical file system</a>, provides a change directory command to set the working directory. As this applies to most operating system shells, most support a change directory command, including <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> (i.e. <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>) <a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">shells</a>, and <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> shells including <a href="Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</a> and <a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>.

</p><p>Other operating systems with shells supporting the command include <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="TRIPOS" title="TRIPOS">TRIPOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where the command is implied for an input <a href="Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">path</a>), <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>, and <a href="Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">UEFI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>On <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, the command is available in version 2 and later<sup id="cite_ref-RUNNINGMSDOS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="DR_DOS_6.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 6.0">DR DOS 6.0</a> includes the command as both <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">chdir</code><sup id="cite_ref-drdos6userguide_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drdos6userguide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> <a href="HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE/iX</a> the command is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">chdir</code><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On <a href="Stratus_VOS" title="Stratus VOS">OpenVOS</a>, the command is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">change_current_dir</code><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Unlike many shell commands that are implemented as separate <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>, change directory is often built-in to the shell because it affects the <a href="State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state</a> of the shell whereas other commands modify system state outside the shell. If the command was implemented as a separate application, then the <a href="Child_process" title="Child process">child process</a> would need to modify state in the <a href="Parent_process" title="Parent process">parent process</a>, but this is often prevented for safety. The command is built-in for most Unix shells (<a href="Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne</a>, <a href="Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a>, <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a>, etc.), Windows <a href="Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</a> and <a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>, and MS-DOS <a href="COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>.

</p><p>In a shell, the change directory command is typically implemented via a <a href="System_call" title="System call">system call</a> which on Unix and Unix-like systems is typically <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">chdir()</code> and on Windows is in the <a href="Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>.

</p><p>The command is also provided in many programs other than shells. In the <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a>, the control stream command is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CWD</code>, but the functionality is available as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> in most command-line <a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a> and some also provide <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">lcd</code> for changing the <u>l</u>ocal working directory vs. the remote setting. The <a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical computing</a> environments <a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> and <a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a> include a

change directory command as <code>cd</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Use of the command varies by context, but there are widespread similarities among variants. The examples below, mostly apply to Unix and Unix-like shells, PowerShell and Command Prompt.

</p><p>To separate the directory names of a path, a program imposes command-line syntax such as a delimiting text between names – which varies by program. In particular, Unix and Unix-like shells use a forward slash <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/</code>, Command Prompt uses backslash <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\</code> and PowerShell supports either. For simplicity, paths are shown with forward slashes here.

</p><p>Commonly, a dot is short-hand notation for the working directory and two dots is short-hand for its parent. For example, given working directory <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/user/bin/tmp</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.</code> refers to it and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">..</code> refers to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/user/bin</code>. The parent notation is often used to form a relative path that specifies a path that is both up and down the hierarchy. For example: starting with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin/tmp</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd ../../local</code> specifies path <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/local</code>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common">Common</h3></div>

<p>Features that are commonly found for any change directory command:

</p>

<ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd path/to/dir</code> For a relative path (no leading slash), the path is appended to the working directory path; moving the context deeper into the directory tree hierarchy; for example, if the working directory is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr</code>, then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd bin</code> changes the working directory to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin</code></li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd /path/to/dir</code> For an absolute path (leading slash), the working directory is replaced with the specified path; for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd /bin</code> sets the working directory to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/bin</code></li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd ..</code> Moves the directory tree context up one directory; for example, starting at <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin/tmp</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd ..</code> changes the working directory to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin</code></li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd .</code> Does not change the working directory but is useful to recover after a directory is recreated by another process</li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> With no arguments, the command changes the working directory to the user's home directory; exception: Command Prompt reports the working directory path</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix_shells">Unix shells</h3></div>

<p>Unix-based shells and PowerShell generally share these features:

</p>

<ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd ~</code> Changes the working directory to user's home directory</li>

<li><code>cd ~<i>username</i></code> Changes the working directory to the specified user's home directory</li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd -</code> Changes the working directory to the previous directory; for example, starting at <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin/tmp</code>, then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd /etc</code>, and then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd -</code> returns to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/usr/bin/tmp</code>; this supports toggling between two directories without <a href="Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd and popd</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_Microsoft_shells">Legacy Microsoft shells</h3></div>

<p>DOS maintains separate working directories for each <a href="Drive_letter_assignment" title="Drive letter assignment">lettered drive</a>, and also has the concept of a current working drive. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> command can be used to change the working directory of the working drive or another lettered drive. Typing the drive letter as a command on its own changes the working drive, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">C:</code>; alternatively, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/d</code> switch may be used to change the working drive and that drive's working directory in one step.

Modern versions of Windows simulate this behaviour for backwards compatibility under <a href="CMD.EXE" class="mw-redirect" title="CMD.EXE">CMD.EXE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>Starting with working directory set to the user's home (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">~</code>), command <code><a href="Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></code> followed by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd games</code> might produce the following:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="gp">user@wikipedia:~$ </span>ls

<span class="go">workreports games encyclopedia text.txt</span>

<span class="gp">user@wikipedia:~$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>games

<span class="gp">user@wikipedia:~/games$</span>

</pre></div>

<p>A similar session in Command Prompt might look like:

</p>

<pre>C:\> dir

workreports <DIR> Wed Oct 9th 9:01

games <DIR> Tue Oct 8th 14:32

encyclopedia <DIR> Mon Oct 1st 10:05

text txt 1903 Thu Oct10th 12:43

C:\> cd games

C:\games>

</pre>

<ul><li><a href="Directory_structure" title="Directory structure">Directory structure</a> – Hierarchical structure of a computer's file system</li>

<li><a href="Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a> – Shell command and system call that changes the apparent root directory</li>

<li><a href="List_of_command-line_interpreters" title="List of command-line interpreters">List of command-line interpreters</a></li>

<li><a href="Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd and popd</a> – Shell commands to save and restore the working directory</li>

<li><a href="Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a> – Shell command that reports the working directory</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/reactos/reactos/blob/master/base/shell/cmd/internal.c">"Reactos/reactos"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 3 January 2022.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/efi-shells-and-scripting/">"EFI Shells and Scripting"</a>. <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUNNINGMSDOS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWolverton2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolverton, Van (2003). <i>Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition</i>. <a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7356-1812-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-drdos6userguide-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drdos6userguide_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930135943/http://www.4corn.co.uk/archive/docs/DR%20DOS%206.0%20User%20Guide-opt.pdf">"DR DOS 6.0 User Guide Optimisation and Configuration Tips"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.4corn.co.uk/archive/docs/DR%20DOS%206.0%20User%20Guide-opt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232213/http://www.teamnaconsulting.com/compresources/pdfs/c01687363.pdf">"MPE/iX Command Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamnaconsulting.com/compresources/pdfs/c01687363.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratadoc.stratus.com/vos/19.1.0/r098-19/wwhelp/wwhimpl/common/html/r098-19.pdf">"OpenVOS Commands Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stratadoc.stratus.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/cd.html">"Change current folder – MATLAB cd"</a>. <i>www.mathworks.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octave.sourceforge.io/octave/function/cd.html">"Function Reference: cd"</a>. <i>octave.sourceforge.io</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/2010/10/11">"October 11, 2010"</a>. <i>The Old New Thing</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWolverton1990" class="citation book cs1">Wolverton, Van (1990). <i>MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition</i>. <a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55615-289-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_Mueller2007" class="citation book cs1">John Paul Mueller (2007). <i>Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000</i>. <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-16579-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Daniel J. (2012). <i>Macintosh Terminal Pocket Guide: Take Command of Your Mac</i>. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4493-2898-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Windows_Commands" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Windows Commands">Guide to Windows Commands</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix">Guide to Unix</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix/Commands" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix/Commands">Commands</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490875.aspx">Windows XP > Command-line reference A-Z > Chdir (Cd)</a> from <a href="Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">Microsoft TechNet</a></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/cd.html">cd</a></code></span>: change the working directory – Shell and Utilities Reference, <a href="Single_Unix_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Unix Specification">The Single UNIX Specification</a>, Version 5 from <a href="The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Chattr" title="Chattr">chattr</a></li>

<li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li>

<li><a href="Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li>

<li><a href="Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li>

<li><a href="Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li>

<li><a href="Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li>

<li><a href="Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li>

<li><a href="Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li>

<li><a href="Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li>

<li><a href="Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li>

<li><a href="Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li>

<li><a href="Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li>

<li><a href="Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Categories</b>

<ul><li>Standard Unix programs</li>

<li>Unix SUS2008 utilities</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> programs and <a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecosystem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">Interpreters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li>

<li><a href="Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">Terminals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (chdir)</li>

<li><a href="Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ATTRIB" title="ATTRIB">attrib</a></li>

<li><a href="Cacls" title="Cacls">cacls</a></li>

<li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact (computing)">compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a> (erase)</li>

<li><a href="Deltree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltree">deltree</a></li>

<li><a href="Cacls#icacls" title="Cacls">icacls</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a> (md)</li>

<li><a href="Mklink" class="mw-redirect" title="Mklink">mklink</a></li>

<li><a href="Openfiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Openfiles">openfiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Recover_(command)" title="Recover (command)">recover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a> (rename)</li>

<li><a href="Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a> (rd)</li>

<li><a href="Robocopy" title="Robocopy">robocopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Takeown" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeown">takeown</a></li>

<li><a href="XCOPY" title="XCOPY">xcopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archiving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">expand</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extrac32</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extract</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">makecab</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">chkdsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Convert_(command)" title="Convert (command)">convert</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_Defragmenter_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Defragmenter (Windows)">defrag</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskcomp" title="Diskcomp">diskcomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskcopy" title="Diskcopy">diskcopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskraid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskraid">diskraid</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">diskshadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Drvspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drvspace">drvspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">format</a></li>

<li><a href="Fsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fsutil">fsutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLocker" title="BitLocker">manage-bde</a></li>

<li><a href="MSCDEX" title="MSCDEX">MSCDEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Refsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Refsutil">refsutil</a></li>

<li><a href="SUBST" title="SUBST">subst</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">scandisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">vssadmin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Runas" title="Runas">runas</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">schtasks</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutdown_(computing)" title="Shutdown (computing)">shutdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</a></li>

<li><a href="Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasklist" title="Tasklist">tasklist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Registry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_association" title="File association">assoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Ftype" title="Ftype">ftype</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">regini</a></li>

<li><a href="Regsvr32" title="Regsvr32">regsvr32</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cmdkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cmdkey">cmdkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Graftabl" class="mw-redirect" title="Graftabl">graftabl</a></li>

<li><a href="Setver" class="mw-redirect" title="Setver">setver</a></li>

<li><a href="Title_(command)" title="Title (command)">title</a></li>

<li><a href="Where_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Where (command)">where</a></li>

<li><a href="Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Edlin" title="Edlin">edlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Findstr" title="Findstr">findstr</a></li>

<li><a href="PRINT_(command)" title="PRINT (command)">print</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Choice_(command)" title="Choice (command)">choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">cscript</a></li>

<li><a href="DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">doskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Forfiles" title="Forfiles">forfiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Pause_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (command)">pause</a></li>

<li><a href="Command-line_interface#Command_prompt" title="Command-line interface">prompt</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeout_(computing)" title="Timeout (computing)">timeout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">bitsadmin</a></li>

<li><a href="MAC_address" title="MAC address">getmac</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="Nbtstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nbtstat">nbtstat</a></li>

<li><a href="Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</a></li>

<li><a href="Nslookup" title="Nslookup">nslookup</a></li>

<li><a href="PathPing" title="PathPing">PathPing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rpcping" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpcping">rpcping</a></li>

<li><a href="Route_(command)" title="Route (command)">route</a></li>

<li><a href="Setspn" class="mw-redirect" title="Setspn">setspn</a></li>

<li><a href="Ssh-agent" title="Ssh-agent">ssh-agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Ssh-keygen" title="Ssh-keygen">ssh-keygen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">ssh-keyscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Traceroute" title="Traceroute">tracert</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance and care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auditpol" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditpol">auditpol</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispdiag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispdiag">dispdiag</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_Manager#Driverquery_command" title="Device Manager">driverquery</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventcreate</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventtriggers</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpresult</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpupdate</a></li>

<li><a href="Logman" class="mw-redirect" title="Logman">logman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mofcomp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mofcomp">mofcomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">msiexec</a></li>

<li><a href="NTBackup" title="NTBackup">ntbackup</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentium_FDIV_bug#Software_patches" title="Pentium FDIV bug">pentnt</a></li>

<li><a href="Pnpunattend" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnpunattend">pnpunattend</a></li>

<li><a href="Pnputil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnputil">pnputil</a></li>

<li><a href="REAgentC" class="mw-redirect" title="REAgentC">REAgentC</a></li>

<li><a href="Relog" class="mw-redirect" title="Relog">relog</a></li>

<li><a href="Sxstrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sxstrace">sxstrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Systeminfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Systeminfo">systeminfo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tpmtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmtool">tpmtool</a></li>

<li><a href="Tpmvscmgr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmvscmgr">tpmvscmgr</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracerpt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracerpt">tracerpt</a></li>

<li><a href="Typeperf" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeperf">typeperf</a></li>

<li><a href="WBAdmin" title="WBAdmin">WBAdmin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wecutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wecutil">wecutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Wevtutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wevtutil">wevtutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Winmgmt" class="mw-redirect" title="Winmgmt">winmgmt</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">winsat</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boot management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bcdedit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcdedit">bcdedit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bootcfg" title="Bootcfg">bootcfg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bootsect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsect">bootsect</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixboot">fixboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixmbr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixmbr">fixmbr</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Break_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break (command)">break</a></li>

<li><a href="Debug_(command)" title="Debug (command)">debug</a></li>

<li><a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dpath" title="Dpath">dpath</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">Environment variables</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Support_Tools" title="Windows Support Tools">Windows Support Tools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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